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#Public administration by laxmikant pdf code#

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by Tristão de Bragança Cunha, a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining-principally iron ore and some manganese. Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 36.7% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2.2% Muslim. The Goan diaspora was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay). Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around 1,540 square miles (4,000 km 2) and held a population of 637,591.

8 International reaction to the invasion and annexation of GoaĪfter India's independence from the British Empire in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of exclaves on the Indian subcontinent-the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli-collectively known as the Estado da Índia.

7 Internment and repatriation of the prisoners of war.

3.1.1 Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors.

1.3 Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

1.2 Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute.

1.1 Local resistance to Portuguese rule.

On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal Consultative Council of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens.įollowing the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by Kunhiraman Palat Candeth as lieutenant governor. The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting.

It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining exclaves in India.

#Public administration by laxmikant pdf code#

The "armed action" was code named Operation Vijay (meaning "Victory" in Hindi) by the Indian Armed Forces. India claimed the Portuguese territories by military power means after the Salazar dictatorship of Portugal refused to leave. They included the areas of Goa, Damaon, Silvassa, Diu & Anjediva on the west coast of the Indian peninsula. Dadra and Nagar Haveli had already been declared independent by the locals.Īfter Indian Independence from the United Kingdom and the subsequent Partition of India and Pakistan, a few pockets in the Konkan region called " Portuguese India" were among the last colonies in Asia. Jawaharlal Nehru had hoped that the popular movement in Goa and the pressure of world public opinion would force the Portuguese Goan authorities to grant it independence but since it did not have any effect, he decided to take it by force.

In Portugal, it is referred to as the " Invasion of Goa". In India, this action is referred to as the " Liberation of Goa". The Annexation of Goa was the process in which the Republic of India annexed Estado da Índia, the then Portuguese Indian territories of Goa, Daman and Diu, starting with the armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces in December 1961. Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63).Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63).